The presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a positive stimulus are both examples of
negative reinforcement.
punishment.
positive reinforcement.
secondary reinforcement
partial reinforcement
If the conditioned stimulus is presented many times without reinforcement, we can expect
an increase in stimulus generalization.
the strength of the UCR to increase.
an increase in response generalization.
spontaneous recovery to be eliminated
extinction to occur.
Negative reinforcement __________ responding; punishment __________ responding.
increases; increases
decreases; decreases
increases; decreases
decreases; increases
stabilizes; stabilizes
The technique of strengthening behavior by reinforcing successive approximations is called
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
distributed practice
modeling
shaping
Which of the following statements is true of behaviorism?
It was formulated to account for cognitive development.
It is rooted in Sigmund Freud鈥檚 view of the importance of early experiences.
It focuses on the development of thought processes and knowledge.
It holds that development is largely a product of learning.
It emphasizes the dominance of heredity over environment.
A dog that gets rewarded for the first bark it makes in each ten minute period is being reinforced on a __________ schedule of reinforcement.
continuous
fixed interval
variable interval
fixed ratio
horizontal frequency
To teach a child to eat spaghetti, you would reinforce initial responses, such as holding the fork, and then increasingly closer approximations to the final response, a procedure known as
counter conditioning.
secondary conditioning.
desensitization.
shaping.
token economy
Responses that are reinforced and tend to be repeated illustrate
stimulus control.
operant conditioning.
generalization.
discrimination.
modeling
In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was the
tone
dog
salivation
food
spontaneous recovery
In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, food was the
conditioned response.
neutral stimulus
unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
Your handsome successful boyfriend winks at you each time before he tells you "I love you." Your expectation when he winks is a(an)
unconditional stimulus.
conditioned response.
conditioned stimulus.
unconditional response.
partial reinforcer
Chimpanzees given tokens for performing tricks were able to put the tokens in vending machines to get grapes. The tokens acted as
primary reinforcers
classical conditioning
secondary reinforcers
negative reinforcers
unconditioned reinforcers
The greatest degree of resistance to extinction is typically caused by a __________ schedule of reinforcement.
variable interval
variable ratio
continuous ratio
fixed interval
fixed ratio
In operant conditioning, the concept of contingency is exemplified by an "if A, then B" relationship in which A and B, respectively, represent
stimulus, response
response, reinforcement
stimulus, reinforcement
response, stimulus
stimulus, stimulus
Taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache is behavior learned through which of the following processes?
Shaping
Punishment
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Omission training
Negative reinforcement and punishment
have opposite effects on behavior.
are different terms for the same procedure.
have the same effect on behavior.
are not very effective in changing behavior.
banish thoughts to the unconscious
Once Pavlov鈥檚 dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a tuning fork, the tuning fork was a(n)
unconditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus
conditioned stimulus
unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned response
Which of the following best reflects negative reinforcement?
Theresa is scolded when she runs through the house yelling
Lina is not allowed to watch television until after she has finished her homework
Greg is given candy for answering a question correctly
Aditya is praised for having the best essay in the class
Alex takes the wrong medicine and gets violently ill afterwards
A child has learned to avoid a furry, black cat. However, she still plays with her grandmother's short-haired tabby. Her response demonstrates
negative transfer.
extinction.
discrimination.
successive approximation
shaping
__________ occurs when making a response removes an unpleasant event
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Extinction
Punishment
Spontaneous Recovery
A corporate pay policy comparable to a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement is
paying employees a fixed salary.
payment of employees on a piece-work basis.
salary adjustments based on the quality of work performed.
paying employees at the end of each day.
paying the employees at random moments
Latent learning is best described by which of the following?
innate responses of an organism preventing new learning and associations
unconscious meaning that is attributed to new response patterns
response patterns that become extinguished gradually over time
delayed responses that occur when new stimuli are paired with familiar ones
learning that occurs in the absence of rewards
The terms "modeling" and "imitation" are most likely closely associated with which of the following?
classical conditioning
gestalt theory
hypothesis testing
operant conditioning
social learning theory
A student does a good job on math problems for homework, and the teacher awards a sticker. This demonstrates the use of
extinction.
reinforcement.
spontaneous recovery.
antecedents
latent learning
In classical conditioning, learning is evident when a
thinking occurs apart from behavior
stimulus automatically produces a response without a prior history of experience.
stimulus which did not initially produce a response now elicits that response.
spontaneously emitted response increases in frequency as a result of its consequences.
subject repeats an action he or she has observed in another and is praised for it.
Jamal got very sick after eating some mushrooms on a pizza at his friend鈥檚 house. He didn鈥檛 know that he had a stomach virus at the time, blamed his illness on the mushrooms, and refused to eat them again. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus for the taste aversion to mushrooms?
pizza
stomach virus
mushrooms
headache
aversion to mushrooms
In __________ reinforcement, the reinforcer follows every correct response.
intermittent
partial
negative
continuous
impartial
Your niece has a temper tantrum in the store when she is shopping. If you buy her a toy you are
being practical.
discouraging destructive behaviors
providing her with negative reinforcement
reinforcing her to have more temper tantrums
stopping spontaneous recovery behavior patterns
If a previous experience has given your pet the expectancy that nothing it does will prevent and aversive stimulus from occurring, it will likely
Be motivated to seek comfort from you
Experience learned helplessness
Model the behavior of other pets in hopes of avoiding it
Seek out challenges like this in the future to disprove the expectation
Engage in random behaviors until one is successful in removing the stimulus
After weeks of successful extinction trials, your pet dachshund suddenly resumes burying bones in the front yard. Your pet therapist advises you that the dog's behavior is an example of
token reinforcement.
stimulus generalization.
spontaneous recovery.
satiation.
stimulus extinction
Punishment is most effective in extinguishing an undesired behavior when the
behavior is complex
behavior was very recently acquired
punishment is delivered immediately after the behavior
punishment is administered by a perceived authority figure
punishment is both mental and physical
Which of the following responses is not learned through operant conditioning?
a rat learning to press a bar to get food
dogs jumping over a hurdle to avoid electric shock
first grade students getting up to leave when the bell rings
pigeons learning to turn in circles for a reward
studying hard for good grades on tests
Shaping is
a pattern of responses that must be made before classical conditioning is completed
rewarding behaviors that get closer and closer to the desired goal behavior
completing a set of behaviors in succession before a reward is given
giving you chocolate pudding to increase the likelihood you will eat more carrots
inhibition of new learning by previous learning
John loves to fish. He puts his line in the water and leaves it there until he feels a tug. On what reinforcement schedule is he rewarded?
continuous reinforcement
fixed ratio
fixed interval
variable ratio
variable interval
A child who occasionally gets rewarded with candy after asking her grandmother for a "treat" is being rewarded on a __________ schedule.
fixed ratio
variable ratio
fixed interval
partial interval
continuous reinforcement The presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a positive stimulus are both examples of:
Punishment.
If the conditioned stimulus is presented many times without reinforcement, we can expect:
Extinction to occur.
Negative reinforcement __________ responding; punishment __________ responding:
Increases; Decreases.
The technique of strengthening behavior by reinforcing successive approximations is called:
Shaping.
Which of the following statements is true of behaviorism?
It holds that development is largely a product of learning.
A dog that gets rewarded for the first bark it makes in each ten minute period is being reinforced on a __________ schedule of reinforcement:
Fixed Interval
To teach a child to eat spaghetti, you would reinforce initial responses, such as holding the fork, and then increasingly closer approximations to the final response, a procedure known as:
Shaping.
Responses that are reinforced and tend to be repeated illustrate:
Operant Conditioning.
In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was the:
Tone.
In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, food was the:
Unconditioned stimulus.
Your handsome successful boyfriend winks at you each time before he tells you "I love you." Your expectation when he winks is a(an):
Conditioned response.
Chimpanzees given tokens for performing tricks were able to put the tokens in vending machines to get grapes. The tokens acted as:
Secondary reinforcer.
The greatest degree of resistance to extinction is typically caused by a __________ schedule of reinforcement.
Variable ratio.
In operant conditioning, the concept of contingency is exemplified by an "if A, then B" relationship in which A and B, respectively, represent:
Stimulus; Response.
Taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache is behavior learned through which of the following processes?
Negative Reinforcement.
Negative reinforcement and punishment:
Have opposite affects.
Once Pavlov鈥檚 dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a tuning fork, the tuning fork was a(n):
Conditioned stimulus.
Which of the following best reflects negative reinforcement?
Alex takes the wrong medicine and gets violently ill afterwards
A child has learned to avoid a furry, black cat. However, she still plays with her grandmother's short-haired tabby. Her response demonstrates:
Discrimination.
__________ occurs when making a response removes an unpleasant event:
Negative Reinforcement.
A corporate pay policy comparable to a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement is:
Payment of employees on a piece-work basis.
Latent learning is best described by which of the following?
Learning that occurs in the absence of rewards.
The terms "modeling" and "imitation" are most likely closely associated with which of the following?
Social Learning Theory.
A student does a good job on math problems for homework, and the teacher awards a sticker. This demonstrates the use of:
Reinforcement.
In classical conditioning, learning is evident when a:
Stimulus which did not initially produce a response now elicits that response.
Jamal got very sick after eating some mushrooms on a pizza at his friend鈥檚 house. He didn鈥檛 know that he had a stomach virus at the time, blamed his illness on the mushrooms, and refused to eat them again. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus for the taste aversion to mushrooms?
Stomach Virus.
In __________ reinforcement, the reinforcer follows every correct response:
Continuous.
Your niece has a temper tantrum in the store when she is shopping. If you buy her a toy you are:
Reinforcing her to have more temper tantrums.
If a previous experience has given your pet the expectancy that nothing it does will prevent and aversive stimulus from occurring, it will likely:
Experienced learned helplessness.
After weeks of successful extinction trials, your pet dachshund suddenly resumes burying bones in the front yard. Your pet therapist advises you that the dog's behavior is an example of:
Spontaneous Recovery.
Punishment is most effective in extinguishing an undesired behavior when the:
Punishment is delivered immediately after the behaviour.
Which of the following responses is not learned through operant conditioning?
First grade students getting up to leave when the bell rings.
Shaping is:
Rewarding behaviors that get closer and closer to the desired goal behavior.
John loves to fish. He puts his line in the water and leaves it there until he feels a tug. On what reinforcement schedule is he rewarded?
Variable Interval.
A child who occasionally gets rewarded with candy after asking her grandmother for a "treat" is being rewarded on a __________ schedule.
Variable Ratio. |
